ECE Curriculum Design

Question: Discuss about theECE Curriculum Design. Answer: Introduction It is important to develop early childhood curriculum by incorporating transparent plans that can focus on why and how children learn, instead of focusing simply on what they learn from the curriculum. According to my perspective, addressing experiences of children, teachers as well as families is important for developing an effective curriculum for children. I believe in holistic approach, where individuals interest and needs are prioritized. Thus, the approach provided by Seitz is suitable for enhancing childrens self-esteem and self-management skills compared to the thematic curriculum model. If their interests are valued, they gets motivation for learning and exploring their talents to achieve their learning goals. This motivation is authentic, that means it would have a meaningful outcome, while empowering children towards their own interests (Seitz, 2006). However, continuous observation and documentation is required for assessing and evaluating the success of the plan as well as development of children. The process provides the opportunity to provoke children, teachers as well as parents in both the classroom as well as home settings to explore their interests, by asking questions and empowering them through intrinsic motivation. It can be defined as behaviour, performing which, we enjoy the activity itself. Therefore, the intrinsic motivation can facilitate inherent talents of children, through which they can be motivated towards learning new things and experience real world with their interest. The plan provided by Seitz is a four step cyclical method, where the first step is spark or provocation, where the interests of a child are identified through experience and conversation (Seitz, 2006). Spark can be anything or any situation that can provoke deeper thought. In the next step, conversation, a thorough conversation is done with the child by asking questions, in classroom or outer premises. In the next step, the opportunities and experiences are explored for further investigatio n bout in and out classroom. The final step is asking more questions and thinking further, while documenting childrens development an experience sharing (Seitz, 2006). Implementing this plan, teachers can trigger a spark and provoke childrens thoughts through stories, experiences or specific items. For instance, using various and colourful utensils in kitchen games, teacher can trigger childrens thinking about the shapes of each utensil, through conversation and asking questions, teacher can facilitate their ideas and thinking patterns to identify each stuffs use and purpose. In this context, I have identified the teachable moment strategy, which is referred to observing children knowledgeably and providing them proper opportunities to for assisting their understanding regarding their interests (Bruce, 2012). This plan can not only be implemented in classroom setting, rather their parents can also empower them in home or any other premises, for example, offering experiences by provo king them to visit nearby grocery shop. I support implementation of this plan in curriculum development, because most of the time it provides exciting implications, by promoting childrens meaningful experiences for finding opportunities related to authentic experiences allowing children to visualize, negotiate and participate in the real world. From my perspective, this plan focuses on the way the children are learning, the purpose of learning as well as the subject of learning. Thus compared to the thematic curriculum in early childhood development, it has advantage to build childrens interests towards learning curriculum. From this article, I have gained significant insight about plans needed to be included in the early childhood curriculum. The plan is able to motivate children to build their connection with the real world, making them self-sufficient for their future life. In addition, this article helped to identify ways through which can empower children to think rationally, by offering stories, ideas, experiences or specific items. On the other hand, I have gained knowledge and skills regarding the ways of empowering children both inside the class and outside of the class. From the example conversations, I have got sufficient ideas and skills regarding the correct way of gradually going deeper with the child are thought during conversation. I have also understood that it is important to focus on teachable moments, when we need to analyze first, get an insight of a childs interest. It is the responsibility of the teacher to find out childs interest through proper communication skills and right way of conversation. In addition, I have understood the importance of observation and documentation during the plan implementation. I have identified proper situation, where children should be provoked for exploring their children. I have understood that communication skill is very important for assisting children to identify their interest. This plan helped me to be a caring, observant teacher in future and promote childrens motivation by facilitating their self-management. Reference List Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Seitz, H. J. (2006). The plan: Building on children's interests. YC Young Children, 36-41.

Accounting of Leases-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Discuss at least two advantages that were available for reporting entities in the previous Accounting Standard for leases AASB 117 Leases. 2.Determine for each scenario separately whether: There is an identifiable asset The customer controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use The contract contains a lease. Answers: 1.Previously under IAS17, the accounting of leases was done. Now the new IFRS 10 is used in place of that. When the companies were preparing their books of accounts as per the IAS17, the companies had a large number of benefits. The major two are- In case of IAS 17, the overall costs related to the leases are very less. When it comes to accounting in terms with the new AASB 10, the overall cost of interest is increased. In case of IFRS, the adoption and application of the same also leads to more cost on part of the company. Thus based on monetary benefits, the company is incurring loss.(Chariri, 2017). The second benefit is that in the previous IAS17, the companies have the right to segregate their leases under operating and financial leases. There were certain conditions which if the leases complied; they were segregated as financial leases. In case of financial leases, risk and ownership are changed at the end of the accounting period, to the lesse. Thus, lesse becomes the possessor of the asset. However in case of the new IFRS, the companies have no option to show these segregation of leases, as operating leases have been removed from the system. Now there are only financing leases. Therefore, even if the lesse does not want to get the asset at the conclusion of the accounting and the leasing period, the asset is transferred to it. In addition, the cost related to the leases are capitalised and cannot be shown as an expense in the general profit and loss statement(Malone, Tarca, Wee, 2016). Now that the reporting entities have to capitalise the overall leasing cost, the preference must be provided to buying the asset. However, it depends on a lot of situation. It may be possible that the company needs the asset only for some specific purposes in that case it would be futile for only one period, in that case leasing would be a preferable option. However, if the company requires the asset every now and then, than it can put focus on buying the new asset. It will be economically viable for the new company and help in reducing the overall cost of capitalising the leases. Also buying provides many tax benefits, which might not be present in case of leasing. Thus, we see that after a proper analysis the companies must take the decision whether they want to buy the new asset or they want to take it on lease. The changes in the process of accounting as per the new AASB, has also brought in many alterations in the perception of the company, with the abolition of the operating co st, and capitalisation of the overall costs(Maynard, 2017). 2.In the given case, two scenarios are given. The new AASB 17, has presented the new definition of the leases and the same has been applied to judge whether there identifiable assets or not. Leases are type of agreement between the lessor and the lesse where they transfers the right to make use of an asset in return of certain monetary consideration and the same is accounted for in the books of account of both the parties(Smith, 2017). In the first scenario, there is an identifiable asset i.e., the right to use the three specified and physically identifiable dark fibres. In this case, the customer definitely controls the use of the asset, which is identified over the lease period of 15 years; the lessor is just responsible for the maintenance and repair of the same over this period in case the fibres are damaged(Abbott Kantor, 2017). Yes, scenario one consists of the lease and the lessee has the right over the asset. In this case, all the three points that are mentioned are affirmat ive(Minnis Sutherland, 2017). In the second scenario, the asset is not specifically particular, as though there is a right to use the particular amount of capacity for 15 years, but it is not specifically identified and this can change every now and then(Drew Grant, 2017). In addition, in this case the customer does not have the ultimate control over the asset, as supplier is the one who makes the final decision on the transmission of the data. Since this scenario does not qualify the definition of the lease, it does not constitute a lease(Chariri, 2017). Thus, not all the three points are affirmative in the same.(Guragai, Hunt, Neri, Taylor, 2017) References Abbott, M., Kantor, A. (2017). Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review . Birt, J., Muthusamy, K., Bir, P. (2017). "XBRL and the qualitative characteristics of useful financial information". Accounting Research Journal , 30 (1), 107-126. Bond, D., Govendir, B., Wells, P. (2016). An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136. Accounting and Finance , 56 (1), 259-288. Chariri, A. (2017). FINANCIAL REPORTING PRACTICE AS A RITUAL: UNDERSTANDING ACCOUNTING WITHIN INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK. Journal of Economics, Business and Accountancy , 14 (1). Drew, J., Grant, B. (2017). Introduction to Australian Local Government Economics and Finance. Australia: Local Government in Australia. Guragai, B., Hunt, N., Neri, M., Taylor, E. (2017). Accounting Information Systems and Ethics Research: Review, Synthesis, and the Future. Journal of Information Systems: Summer 2017 , 31 (2), 65-81. Malone, L., Tarca, A., Wee, M. (2016). IFRS non-GAAP earnings disclosures and fair value measurement. Accounting and Finance/ , 56 (1), 59-97. Maynard, J. (2017). Financial accounting reporting and analysis (second ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Minnis, M., Sutherland, A. (2017). Financial Statements as Monitoring Mechanism: Evidence from small Commercial loans. Journal Of Accounting Research , 55 (1), 197-233. Smith, M. (2017). Research Methods in Accounting (FOURTH ed.). London: SAGE PUBLICATIONS.

The Davids A Comparison Essays - Books Of Samuel, David, Donatello

The Davids: A Comparison The David's: A Comparison From 1430 to 1623A.D., four sculptures of the Biblical David were created. From the master artists Bernini, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Verrocchio came the most famous David's of the world. Even though infinitely many were made, these surpass the others to become marvels that will live forever. The earliest of the David's, is the work of Donatello(c.1430). This magnificent work is a life-size, nude, bronze, figure of David. The sculpture is portraying the scene after David has cut off the head of Goliath. His foot is raised on the severed head in a stance of contropposto. His sword is in the right hand with the stone in the left. This very smooth and natural looking sculpture was originally part of Medici courtyard and is the only David of the four created for a private collection. There are a few symbolic ingredients to this David. The style of the figure refers to antiquity for the balance and composition of the nude. Energy in the sculpture animates the emotions and is a new technique used in this David, once again showing qualities from antiquity. This energy is not used in the other figures. In addition, Donatello's David is said to host homosexual overtones, in the feministic appearance of the body and the stance. Overall, this version of the biblical hero is elegantly designed and the originality is fascinating. Verrocchio's David (c.1473-75A.D.) greatly differs from those of the other artists'. This statue was commissioned by the Medici family, like that of Donatello's. However, it was created for public display. It was in the Palazzo Vecchio, where it gained almost a republican or city-related meaning similar to the reputation that the David of Donatello gained, after it was also moved to the same site. The similarity stops here. The proudness shows that the hero was well capable of slaying the giant where Donatello's shows almost no emotion. The explicitness of the emotion contrasts greatly with the sensualness of Donatello's. Verrocchio's is fully clothed in elegant armor when Michelangelo's and as well as Donatello's were vulnerable in their nudity. In Verrocchio's sculpture, David carries a small sword in one hand and his other is on his hip confidently. This figure shows a nice S-curve and a stance of contropposto. Standing above the head of the giant, the sculpture takes place after the slaying of Goliath. The facial expression show triumph and most of all confidence. Therefore, this work shows psychological implications. However, it was meant to be more appreciated for its exceptional bronze sheen. The gigantic David by Michelangelo (c.1501-04A.D.) is an unquestionable masterpiece. It was originally commissioned as a decoration for the Florence Cathedral. Since the sculpture was so majestic, it was decided to be displayed in a closer, more visible area. It was finally moved in front of Piazza della Signoria, where it would replace a sculpture of Donatello's. This David is a full nude that shows David before battle. The face is in profile; he has a slingshot in the left hand and a stone in the right. The face shows extreme emotion which pulls it away from the classical genre. The design and stance of the figure has a confidence and arrogance that matched that of its creator, Michelangelo. This version of the hero was looked to as a potent symbol in Florence, resembling the Biblical beliefs along with the fusion of civic beliefs. This is very unlike the symbolism of Donatello's. The nudity symbolizes that David's platonic love and belief in God protected him. Michelangelo's David is an incredible representation of both the Bible story, in that it closely follows the scripture, and reason, in the references to Greek philosophy. Thus also symbolizing that reason and faith (Christianity) can coexist. Finally, Bernini's David (c.1623A.D.) conquers all in the expression of emotion. This public sculpture has a face full of determination and struggling. The exaggerated S-curve of the figure shows movement as David is throwing the stone. None of the other three sculptures give insight during the battle with the giant. Also, Bernini's David is clothed in a tunic and is carrying a pouch of some sort. He's holding the rock and slingshot as in action while his feet are firmly planted in the ground. This is certainly the most dramatic and realistic portrayal of David. Bernini's objective was not like the other artists of the David's. His objective was drama. The symbolism is that of moments in his lifetime. An example of this would be the harp at his feet, depicting his abandonment of his music when he went to fight Goliath. The armor at his feet showed that

Derek Bentleys Last Thoughts Essay Example

Derek Bentleys Last Thoughts Essay Example Derek Bentleys Last Thoughts Essay Derek Bentleys Last Thoughts Essay Essay Topic: The Heart Goes Last I dont believe this is happening to me! I have only one hour of my life left before my death sentence is carried out! None of this would have happened if I had not got involved with Chris Craig, and formed a friendship with him and his mates. They were a very bad influence on me. If Id never met Chris, what would I be doing now?Im outraged that I have received a much more serious, fatal sentence than Chris, who is serving only ten years in prison! Ten years only for murdering someone! It wasnt me who killed the cop, it was Chris! I never pulled the trigger! Im completely innocent of murder! As a result of my friendship with Chris, Im going to die in less than an hours time. Its all because of him!I mean, I didnt even try to run off when I had the chance. For goodness sake, it was I in fact that helped the cops catch Chris. I never meant shoot the cop Chris! when I said let him have it Chris! I meant let the cop have the gun Chris! Those stupid cops took the wrong meaning, and so now Im stuck here in here ready to die! I didnt like that judge either; I reckon he was biased. Hell find out sooner or later that he sentenced me for no reason, and so will others. I was treated very unfairly in that courtroom. Some people will pay for this! Oh yes, they will get hurt, just like theyve hurt me!Where did it all start? When did I make the mistakes that led me here? I remember, it was on the 2nd of November, when I went out and met Chris outside the sweetshop, along with Frank and Norman. I regret going out that night now. I should have stayed home with my family. I should have listened to my parents.I can recall Chris, his gang and me all talking; then Frank and Norman left. Chris and I then caught a bus to Croydon. On the bus, he handed me a knife and a knuckle-duster, which I never even used! I wasnt planning on using them either! I should not have accepted them from Chris. I should have said no right then. I guess I was under peer pressure then. I remember Chris carry ing a revolver and a sheath knife. We got off the bus at West Croydon station. Chris intention that night was to rob a butchers shop, and if need be, use the lethal weapons. That was the purpose of him carrying them. We went down Tamworth Road. As we saw a light and heard sounds inside the shop, we had a change of plan, and so went away. This time we were headed for a sweet shop. I can remember that I was still looking inside the shop to see if anyone was there, while Chris had already climbed over the 6ft iron-gate. I should have not gone up with him. It was my last possible chance to escape from this fatal plan, and I unfortunately blew it! I should have realised there would be consequences like this maybe, and also that there could have been witnesses such as the Wares, watching. I was caught red-handed!I dont want to die; I still have lots to live for. Im only 19 years old for Christs sake! People these days should show some mercy! Not even a quarter of my life has passed yet! M y life has definitely gone to waste. Im dying for no reason! I wonder how it feels whilst being hung and dying?! Will it hurt? What happens afterwards? Will I be sent to Heaven or Hell, or is there no such place? How long will it take for me to die? Im not frightened of death at all. Just nervous and curious. Id told dad that too. The time seems to pass so fast! Only forty-five minutes to go now!I wonder what the hell Chris is doing now? What does he think of all this? Whether he is regretting everything? Whether hes thinking about me, and what Im doing? And what about his family? His parents? Do they care as much about Chris as mine do for me? What do they think about me? Do they realise or even care that my sentence is unfair? Do they know and care that Im dying because of him?! I do hope they realise that it should be Chris who is sentenced to death instead of me! It should be him being hung in less than forty minutes from now!I wouldnt want to be Chris. Id prefer to be myself an d die rather than be him. I would hate to live with a guilty conscience, knowing someones dead because of a crime that Id committed. I would simply hate to live a life like that! The clocks ticking fast. Im living my last half hour.Ill certainly miss my family. I want to be with them now, and see them again. Im more anxious about leaving them more than anything else. Id do anything and give away every possession I have just so that I could live to see and be with my family. I hope they clear my name. I really do. How do they feel about his situation that Im in now? Are they petrified? Worried? Nervous? Angry? Are they thinking anything at all?I would like to wish them good luck for everything in the future. I want to thank mum and dad for raising me, and Iris for supporting me and being a great sister throughout my life. I hope my younger brother listens to mum and dad and does what hes told. I wouldnt like to think that he grows up to be someone like me! A betrayer to my parents, b ut most of all a traitor to the family name. I know I have made a bad impression and have been a bad influence on my younger brother, but I hope he learns from it; Ive, without doubt, learnt from my mistakes in the past, and I know I cans redeem myself now as its too late; but my younger brother can still fulfil mum and dads wishes by becoming good and by doing as hes told.At least all is not lost for my parents. As a result of me not listening to mum and dad, look how Ive ended up! I am so repentant and most of all ashamed of myself! I would have liked to be someone everyone younger could look up to, not like this! Not a criminal! Im sure mum and dad would have wanted that as well; some sort of role model, as it were. I do hope indeed that they forgive me for everything bad Ive committed.Anyway, I want my family to keep their chin up, and to look after each other, and all the animals in the house. I wish I could tell them this myself in person, and also that I LOVE YOU ALL! Thank y ou all ever so much for what youve done for me. Youve all always been there for me, especially for when I needed you.In the end, I reckon the truth will eventually come out. Justice will prevail. People will know I am not the bad guy. JUST FIFTEEN MINUTES TO GO! Only just fifteen minutes left of my wasted life!Im more fearful of how my family will be treated after Ive been hanged. Thinking of what position my family will be in actually makes me terrified. Think about how people will treat them. Will they feel sorry for them because of my loss? Will they be spiteful and malicious towards them? How will people remember me? A fully-fledged criminal or an innocent 19 year old who was wrongly accused of murder and therefore hung?I believe the guards are coming in now. I can hear their footsteps. Shall I wait for them to enter? Shall I plan to retaliate as soon as they come in? Oh, what shall I do?! I think Ill wait. Im waiting for death. Mum, dad, please forgive me! God, please forgive m y sins. Im extremely remorseful for anything I have done that goes against your will. Oh God, theyre here! I dont know what to do! They are getting me up. Its all happening too fast! Its very hard for me to think this, but I am in fact breathing my last few breaths now! I dont believe this is happening! NO!They are treating me very roughly. I wonder what was in that drink they gave me. It didnt taste nice at all. Theyre taking me somewhere. I can see the very last thing that will ever touch my throat. The guard just said it wont hurt. Ill take his word; at least it will clam me down a little.Daylights gone. I shall never see light again. This is the last time Ill ever see the world. Im in complete darkness now. This is it. I feel my legs tightening ever so hard. OUCH! Now I can hear the loud noises of chains rattling. This is the first time Im actually feeling horrified since I was sentenced. I want to panic, but I cannot go anywhere. I want my mum. I want her to hug me one last tim e. I want to hold my family and kiss them all goodbye. I can hear my heart pounding violently. God save me! Goodbye Derek..

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) Assignment

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) - Assignment Example Levels of evidence explored in Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt’s SRR vary in research designs of the literature used. The SRR utilized evidence from research articles and books. First, reliable applications of evidence-based practices in healthcare frameworks formed a level of evidence. Nurses in Magnet organizations reported these applications in higher levels. Magnet organizations were the designs of the first research works used by Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Second, the accessibility of professionals of evidence-based practices was proof of the SRR’s viability. Third, organizational cultures that supported evidence-based practices were proof of the SRR’s flexibility and comprehensiveness. In addition, there were no substantial differences in items associated with the requirements and access to sustenance of evidence-based practices. Critique of the Clarity with Which the Studies are Presented and Critiqued The clarity that Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt use to present and critique the studies in the SRR is exceptional. The researchers provide a discussion of the variances between research designs of study application and models of evidence-based practices. Both ideological variances, as well as the variances in physician competencies required and critiqued. Study models of evidence-based practices used by the writers are debated in differing levels of detail. For instance, Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt discuss the Iowa Model, Larrabee's model, and Kitson's model differently.

Engineering Technical Summary - The Collapse of the Quebec Bridge Essay

Engineering Technical Summary - The Collapse of the Quebec Bridge - Essay Example Because of the site peculiarities and the multi tasks intended for the bridge, the constructors forced to forget some of the basics of cantilever bridge design and technology which finally resulted in one of the greatest bridge collapses in all time. The Quebec City Bridge project was one of the largest cantilever bridge projects in the world. â€Å"It was the brainchild of Quebec Bridge Company (QBC), a group of local business people.  It was proposed to build over the St. Lawrence River, six miles above Quebec City. In 1903 the QBC gave the job of designing of the bridge to the Pheonix The construction and design of the bridge was extremely difficult because of so many reasons. â€Å"Because of the transportation of ocean vehicles though the river, the bridge was forced to build well above the water level, approximately 150 feet above the water level. More over the requirement forces the designers to widen the width of the bridge to about 67 feet in order to accommodate 2 railway tracks, 2 street car tracks and 2 roadways. In late 1903, P.L. Szlapaka of the Pheonix Bridge Company had laid out the initial drawings of the bridge.  His design was approved with very few changes by Cooper.  Cooper has estimated the weight of the span based on the initial drawing. Before the final drawing reaches Cooper the construction has been started. Lot of money has been spent on the construction before Cooper realizes some drawbacks in the design and the construction of the bridge. When he analyzed the project based on the final project he found that the estimated weight of o ff on the low side. Cooper had only limited options in his front either to continue with the project by taking risk or to stop the construction which may result in about 8 million pounds which is already spent on the project. So Cooper decided to take the risk of continuing the project in order to save the money which is already

Medicalisation

Medicalisation Medicalisation Medicalisation is defined as a process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems usually in terms of illnesses or disorders. Initially all deviant behavior were described as sin or criminal behavior and religion had full control over how to punish such deviant behavior. Later on as societies became more complex with the growth of technology and as the hold of religion diminished as a control agent, the emphasis shifted from punishment as a preferred sanction for deviance to treatment of illness. Deviance that was considered sin or bad is now considered as sickness. With increasing success biomedicine started functioning as a control agent. Review of recent research shows that now many socially unacceptable behaviors have been medicalized and assigned disease terms in the 20th century and even normal human events and common human problems are considered under medical jurisdiction. For instance, alcoholism, drug addiction, hyperactive children, suicide, obesity, mental retardation, crime, violence, child abuse, learning problems, births, aging, menopause and many social deviances are all brought under the umbrella of medicalization. Medicine is all pervasive in our daily life. At the same time some behaviors previously considered medical problems have become more acceptable and been de-medicalized ,e.g., homosexuality and masturbation. T. Moreira (2006) suggested that the process of medicalisation is insufficient to understand the social aspect of relationship between a state that is considered as medical disorder and health. One needs to also look at the dynamics of the creation, evaluation and use of biomedical knowledge. The need for these dynamics was underlined in her research on relationship between sleep and health. She explored a very common sleep disorder,viz., obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS)and shaping of continous positive airway pressure, a very common therapy for obstructive sleep apnoea(CPAP). She used the method of case study. Two case studies were scrutinized- Historical literature review of emergence and, development of OSAS and CPAP. Initially sleep apnoea was described as Pickwickian syndrome on the basis of symptoms that led to sleep disturbances. It was believed that sleep apnoea occurs among those who are overweight, lazy and snore loudly causing inconvenience to others. Extreme obesity was associated with severe daytime sleepiness. William Dement et.al. investigated this link by using sleep laboratories. But by late 1970s, obesity was no more considered the cause of sleep aponea, it was merely seen as a risk factor that may lead to disease. With laboratory observation of sleep it became clear that sleep process was responsible for OSAS and not obesity. There was a shift from Pickwickian syndrome to sleep aponea syndrome. In Pickwickian syndrome, the clinical symptoms like obesity, hypoventilation and plethoric face were highlighted while in sleep aponea syndrome Apnea/Hypoapnea Index became progressively more acceptable. The development of CPAP showed how on one hand patients actively participate in evolving health technology and on the other hand adjust and adapt to devices available according to their own needs and circumstances. In the studies of CPAP users the emphasis shifted on recognizing patients who are likely to discontinue to use these machines rather than blaming the patient for not using it. This led to looking at patient as a natural calculative subject who will do the cost-benefit analysis and decide whether to use health technology or not. This cost-benefit analysis is influenced by many psychological constructs like self identity, self- efficacy, self-confidence and social support, etc. On the basis of these calculations, by non-participation in certain health technologies, patients have created a new area of knowledge and intervention in biomedicine, health psychology, medical sociology and in sociology of science and technology. Thus medicalization of sleep has redefined the sleep as medically problematic and whole sleep industry has come up in last one decade or so. A person suffering from OSAS is no more stigmatized individual. He is no more powerless passive, dependent on medical personnel. He is a calculating independent person, an active consumer of health technology. Evolving the design of sleep machines showed that patient groups actively influence making of , evaluation and use of medical knowledge. Advantages Disadvantages of Medicalization According to Illich medicalisation has serious adverse impact on the society as the general public is made docile and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in their society. There is also structural problem as Western medicines notion of issues of healing, aging, and dying as medical illnesses. This effectively medicalises human life, rendering individuals and societies less able to deal with these natural processes. Marxists such as Vicente Navarro et.al. (1980) linked medicalization to an oppressive capitalist society. They argued that medicine makes people see health as an individual problem rather than looking at disease as a result of social inequality and poverty. It tends to strip subjects of their social context, so they come to be understood in terms of the prevailing biomedical ideology, resulting in a disregard for over-arching social causes such as unequal distribution of power and resources. Many critics believe that the term medicalization has become much more complex now as pharmaceutical companies have increasingly taken over the role of doctors, putting everyday problems into the domain of professional biomedicine. Direct to consumer advertising further undermines the role of doctors, as patients are encouraged to ask for particular drugs by name, thereby creating a conversation between consumer and drug company. Another problem with medicalization is that it puts the responsibility for the problem on individual causes and the solution to social problems on individual treatment. The psychologizing of social problems leads away from the analyses of the social structure of culture.For example, the reason for obesity is thought to be the obese person himself rather than the change in life style, socio-economic status of the person, easy availability and convenience of ready to eat junk food, etc.